Palm trees reflect Mumbai's tropical climate
Palm trees reflect Mumbai's tropical climate
The climate of the city, being in the tropical zone, and near the Arabian Sea, may be broadly classified into two main seasons — the humid season, and the dry season. The humid season, between March and October, is characterized by high humidity and temperatures of over 30 °C (86 °F). The monsoon rains lash the city between June to September, and supply most of the city's annual rainfall of 2,200 mm (85 inches). The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was 3,452 mm (135.89 inches) in 1954.[18] The highest rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 mm (37.16 inches) on 2005-07-26.[19]
The dry season, between November and February, is characterized by moderate levels of humidity and warm to cool weather. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill during January and February. Annual temperatures range from a high of 38 °C (100 °F) to a low of 11 °C (52 °F). The record high is 43.3 °C (110 °F) and record low is 7.4 °C (45 °F) on 1962-01-22.[20] Mumbai's mean monthly temperatures in middle summer (May) is 33° C (91° F) & in middle winter (January) it drops to 19° C (67° F). Due to humidity & overall weather pattern, people do not suffer from any extremity in weather with exception of Monsoon in some cases—ie. floods.
[edit] Economy
Main article: Economy of Mumbai
The Bombay Stock Exchange index reflects investor confidence in the economy of India.
The Bombay Stock Exchange index reflects investor confidence in the economy of India.
Mumbai contributes 10% of all factory employment, 40% of all income tax collections, 60% of all customs duty collections, 20% of all central excise tax collections, 40% of India's foreign trade and Rupees 40 billion (US$ 9 billion) in corporate taxes.[21] A number of Indian financial institutions have headquarters in downtown Mumbai, including the Bombay Stock Exchange, the Reserve Bank of India, the National Stock Exchange of India, the Mint, and numerous conglomerates (including Tata Group, Godrej and Reliance). Many foreign banks and financial institutions also have branches in this area.
Up until the 1980s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since been diversified to include engineering, diamond-polishing, healthcare and information technology. Mumbai’s status as the state capital means that state and federal government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled labour population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics and other such blue collar professions. The port and shipping industry too employs many residents, directly or indirectly.
The entertainment industry is the other major employer in Mumbai. Most of India's major television and satellite networks are headquartered in Mumbai, as well as its major publishing houses. The centre of the Hindi movie industry, Bollywood, is also located in Mumbai, along with its largest studios and movie production houses. Marathi television and film industries are also based in Mumbai.
Along with the rest of India, Mumbai, its commercial capital, has witnessed an economic boom since the liberalisation of 1991, the finance boom in the mid nineties and the IT, export, services and BPO boom in this decade. The middle class in Mumbai is the segment most impacted by this boom and is the driver behind the consequent consumer boom. Upward mobility among Mumbaikars has led to a direct increase in consumer spending.
Mumbai has been ranked 10th among the world's biggest centres of commerce in terms of the financial flow volumes in a survey compiled by Mastercard Worldwide, which takes into consideration size of financial services network besides equity, bond, derivatives and commodity contract transactions
[edit] Civic administration
Main article: Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
City officials
Mayor Shubha Raul March 10, 2007
Municipal Commissioner Jairaj Phatak May 04, 2007
Police Commissioner Dhananjay N. Jadhav March 7, 2007
Sheriff Vijaypat Singhania December 19, 2005
Collector Mahesh Pathak -
The city is administered by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) (formerly the Bombay Municipal Corporation), with executive power vested in the Municipal Commissioner, who is an IAS officer appointed by the state government. The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the twenty four municipal wards,[22] five nominated Councillors, and a titular Mayor. The BMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis. An Assistant Municipal Commissioner oversees each ward for administrative purposes. Almost all the state political parties field candidates in the elections for Councillors.
The metropolitan area forms two districts of Maharashtra, with each district under the jurisdiction of a District Collector. The Collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the Federal Government, and oversee the national elections held in the city.
The Mumbai Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, who is an IPS officer. The Mumbai Police comes under the state Home Ministry. The city is divided into seven police zones and seventeen traffic police zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. The Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police.
Mumbai is the seat of the Bombay High Court, which exercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and Goa, and the Union Territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Mumbai also has two lower courts, the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases.
The city elects six members to the Lok Sabha and thirty-four members to the Maharashtra State Assembly.
[edit] Transport
Main article: Public transport in Mumbai
BEST buses form an integral part of the city's transport system.
BEST buses form an integral part of the city's transport system.
Most of Mumbai's inhabitants rely on public transport to travel to and from their workplace. The city is the headquarters of two rail divisions – the Central Railway (CR) headquartered at Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly known as Victoria Terminus), and the Western Railway (WR) headquartered near Churchgate. The backbone of the city's transport, the Mumbai Suburban Railway, is composed of three separate networks running the length of the city, in a north-south direction. The Western Railway runs along the western region of the city, while the Central Railway covers most of the central and northeast parts of the metropolis. Both lines extend into the exurbs, each covering a total one-way length of around 125 km. The Harbour Line is a sub-division of the Central Railway, covering a distance of 54 km along the south-eastern section of the city, near the docks, and extending into Navi Mumbai (New Bombay). Mumbai is well connected by the Indian Railways to most parts of India.
Public buses run by the BEST (an autonomous body under the BMC) cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of Navi Mumbai and Thane. Buses are used for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for long distance commutes. The BEST fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker and air-conditioned buses.
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport
Black and yellow-metered taxis, accommodating up to four passengers with luggage, cover most of the metropolis. Auto rickshaws, allowed to operate only in the suburban areas, are the main form of hired transport here. These three-wheeled vehicles can accommodate up to three passengers.
Mumbai's Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (formerly, Sahar International Airport) is the busiest airport in India, and caters to cargo and passenger flights. The Andheri terminal caters to international flights while the Santacruz terminal caters to domestic flights. The Juhu aerodrome was India's first airport, and now hosts a flying club and a heliport.
With its unique topography, Mumbai has one of the best natural harbours in the world, handling 50% of the country's passenger traffic, and much of India's cargo. It is also an important base for the Indian Navy.[23] Ferries from Ferry Wharf allow cheap access to islands and beaches in the area.
See also: Mumbai Suburban Railway
[edit] Utility services
The BMC supplies potable water to the city, most of which come from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes, as well as a few lakes further north. The water is filtered at Bhandup, which is also Asia's largest water filtration plant. The BMC is also responsible for the road maintenance and garbage collection in the city. Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 metric tonnes[24] is transported to dumping grounds in Gorai in the northwest, Mulund in the northeast, and Deonar in the east. Sewage treatment is carried out in Worli and Bandra.
Electricity is provided by the BEST in the city, and by Reliance Energy, Tata, and Mahavitaran (Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd) in the suburbs. Most of the city's electricity is hydroelectric and nuclear based. The largest telephone service provider is the state-owned MTNL, which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobile WLL services. Cell phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are Hutch, Airtel, BPL group, Reliance Infocomm and Tata Indicom. Both GSM and CDMA services are available in the city. Broadband internet penetration is increasing in the city, with MTNL and Tata being the leading service providers.
See also: Mumbai's water sources
[edit] Demographics
The Haji Ali Dargah is a famous landmark in Mumbai
The Haji Ali Dargah is a famous landmark in Mumbai
The population of Mumbai is about 18 million, with a density of about 29,000 persons per square kilometre. There are 811 females to every 1,000 males – which is lower than the national average. The overall literacy rate of the city is above 86%, which is higher than the national average.[25] The religions represented in Mumbai include Hindus (68% of the population), Muslims (17% of the population), and Christians and Jains (4% each). The remainder are Parsis, Buddhists, Sikhs, Jews and atheists.[26]
According to the 1991 census, the ethnic groups demographics are - Marathi people (42%), Gujarati people (18%), North Indian (21%), Kannadigas (5%), Tamil people (3%), Sindhis (3%) and others.
For a city of its size, Mumbai has a moderate crime rate. Mumbai recorded 27,577 incidents of crime in 2004, which is down 11% from 30,991 in 2001. The city's main jail is the Arthur Road Jail.[27]
Mumbai has a large polyglot population like any other metropolitan city of India. Marathi, the official language of Maharashtra is widely spoken. Other languages spoken are Hindi and English. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as Bambaiya – a blend of Marathi, Hindi, Indian English and some invented colloquial words is spoken on streets. English is extensively spoken, and is the principal language of the city's white collar workforce.
Hirandani Gardens next to Sanjay Gandhi National Park
Hirandani Gardens next to Sanjay Gandhi National Park
Like other large cities in the developing world, Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries — widespread poverty and poor public health, employment, civic and educational standards for a large section of the population. With available space at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit, or clogged roadways. According to the Business Week, around 43% of the population lives in shantytowns and slums. Even though prostitution is illegal in India, Mumbai has a large population of sex workers, estimated to number more than 100,000.[28] High HIV prevalence among the female sex-workers (consistently above 50% since 1993[29][30]), contributes to the spread of AIDS in the region and the country.[30]
See also: Growth of Mumbai and Mumbai statistics
[edit] People and culture
Main article: Mumbai culture
Ganeshotsav-Popular festival in the city
Ganeshotsav-Popular festival in the city
A resident of Mumbai is called a Mumbaikar, or Bombayite. Many residents prefer to stay close to major railway stations for easy access to their workplaces, as a significant amount of time is spent on daily commuting. Thus, many live a fast-paced life, with very little time for social activities. Bombay residents celebrate Indian and Western festivals with great fanfare.
The metropolis has its own local roadside fast food flavour, comprising vada pav (leavened wheat bread split in half, with fried dumplings as filling), panipuri (deep fried crêpe with tamarind and lentil sauce), pav bhaji (leavened wheat bread accompanied with fried vegetables), sandwich (White sandwich bread with butter hot sauce (Chutney) tomato, potatoes, onions, cucumber and beatroot) and bhelpuri (puffed rice mixture), while South Indian and Chinese food are also very popular. The cosmopolitan residents have unique tastes in cuisine, music, film and literature, both Indian and international. In 2004, Mumbai received three heritage conservation awards from the UNESCO.
Mumbai is the birthplace of Indian cinema (Dadasaheb Phalke laid the foundations by his silent movies followed by his Marathi talkies), with the oldest film broadcast here in the early 20th century. Mumbai also boasts of large number of cinemas, including World's largest IMAX dome theatre, which feature mainstream Bollywood, Marathi and Hollywood movies. Many film festivals are avidly attended throughout the year.
Besides catering to cinephiles, the city has a thriving theatrical tradition both in the regional languages and in English. Contemporary art is well represented in both government funded art spaces and private commercial galleries. The government funded art galleries include The Jehangir Art Gallery and The National Gallery of Modern Art. Built in 1833, the Asiatic Society of Bombay is the oldest public library in the city. The city also contains most of India's tallest buildings.
Mumbai has six sister cities (the maximum permitted by the Indian government). They are: Berlin, London, Los Angeles, Saint Petersburg, Stuttgart and Yokohama.[31]
[edit] Media
Mumbai has numerous newspaper publications and television and radio stations – Popular English newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include the Times of India, Mid-day, DNA, Hindustan Times, Mumbai Mirror and Indian Express. Marathi newspapers include Loksatta, Sakaal and Maharashtra Times. In addition to these papers, newspapers are also printed in other Indian languages. Mumbai is also home to India's oldest newspaper, Bombay Samachar, which has been published in Gujarati and English since 1822. Bombay Durpan-the first Marathi newspaper was started by Jambhekar in Mumbai on 1832.[32]
The national television broadcaster Doordarshan provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households. Zee Marathi, DD Sahyadri, Zee TV, Star plus and news channels are popular. Satellite television (DTH) has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installation costs. Mumbai households receive over a hundred television channels via cable, and a majority of them are produced to cater to the city's polyglot populace. The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence.
There are nine radio stations in Mumbai, with six broadcasting on the FM band, and three All India Radio stations broadcasting on the AM band.
See also: List of Mumbai radio stations
[edit] Education
Nehru Science Center and Planetarium
Nehru Science Center and Planetarium
Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the BMC) or private schools (run by trusts and individuals) which are usually aided by the government. A majority of residents prefer private schools because of better infrastructure and the use of English as a medium of instruction. All private schools are affiliated either to the Maharashtra State SSC board, or the all-India Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) and Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) boards. Demand is especially high for ICSE and CBSE affiliated schools, and those run by convents or the Jesuits. The government run public schools lack many facilities, but are the only option for poorer residents who cannot afford the more expensive private schools.
Under the 10+2+3 plan, students complete ten years of schooling, and then enroll for two years in Junior College, where they choose from one of three streams: Arts, Commerce or Science. This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering, medicine etc. Most colleges in the city are affiliated to the University of Mumbai, one of the largest universities in the world in terms of graduation rate. The Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, one of India's premier engineering schools, and the SNDT Women's University are the other universities in Mumbai.
Mumbai is home to two of India's important research institutions – The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).
See also: List of Mumbai Colleges
[edit] Sports
Brabourne Stadium hosts cricket, Mumbai's most popular sport
Brabourne Stadium hosts cricket, Mumbai's most popular sport
Cricket is the most popular sport in the city, and is usually played in the maidans (grounds) around the city. Gully cricket, a modified form of cricket, is played in the narrow by-lanes of the city, especially on Sundays. Mumbai has produced several famous international cricketers, and is home to the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). International cricket is widely watched, and the city almost comes to a virtual standstill on days when the Indian cricket team plays important matches. The city has two international cricket stadiums, the Wankhede Stadium and the Brabourne Stadium. The local Mumbai cricket team is among the strongest competitors in the Ranji Trophy, the nation's top domestic cricketing circuit.
Football is the second most popular sport with the city clubs playing during the monsoons, when other outdoor sports cannot be played. The Football World Cup is one of the most widely watched television events in Mumbai. India's national sport, field hockey, has gone into a sharp decline in the recent years, losing out in terms of popularity to cricket, though many Mumbai players play in the national team.
Other sports are mostly played in the numerous clubs and gymkhanas, and include tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf. Mumbai also plays Rugby, one of the few cities to do so in the country. Every February, Mumbai holds the Derby races in the Mahalaxmi Racecourse. The event sees many of the city's glitterati attending, arrayed in the latest fashions. In recent times Formula 1 racing has also caught the public's attention. Other sports such as volleyball and basketball are mostly popular in schools and colleges.
In 2004, the Mumbai Marathon, an annual event sponsored by Standard Chartered Bank, was established in a bid to bring the sport to the Indian public.
[edit] References
Find more information on Mumbai by searching Wikipedia's sister projects
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1. ^ World Gazetteer
2. ^ Demographia World Urban Areas: 2005 Population & 2015 Projection
3. ^ Manorama Yearbook 2006
4. ^ Samuel Sheppard Bombay Place-Names and Street-Names (Bombay: The Times Press) 1917 pp104–5
5. ^ Sujata Patel "Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism" in Sujata Patel & Jim Masselos (Eds.) Bombay and Mumbai. The City in Transition (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 2003 p4
6. ^ Cities Guide: Mumbai at Economist.com.
7. ^ Barbosa, Duarte, "Livro em que dá relação do que viu e ouviu no Oriente", 1516, apud Machado, J.P., "Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa".
8. ^ Documents from the "Tombo do Estado da Índia" (currently the Historical Archives of Goa or Goa Purabhilekha).
9. ^ Orta, Garcia da, "Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas da Índia", original edition 1565, referenced edition 1891–1895, apud Machado, J.P., "Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa".
10. ^ Correia, Gaspar, "Lendas da Índia", originally from the 16th century, the text was published only in 1858 and 1866.
11. ^ Machado, José Pedro, "Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa", entry "Bombaim", volume I, pp. 265/266.
12. ^ Tour operators
13. ^ See Mariam Dossal Imperial Designs and Indian Realities. The Planning of Bombay City 1845–1875 (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 1991
14. ^ "India: Zero tolerance to terrorism", Associated Press via CNN, 2006-07-16. Retrieved on 2006-07-17.
15. ^ Kanheri, Lungs of Mumbai, Krishnadas Warrior, Bhramanti
16. ^ The Seismic Environment of Mumbai, TIFR - Theoretical Physics
17. ^ MMRDA Projects, Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)
18. ^ Mumbai Plan, Department of Relief and Rehabilitation (Maharashtra)
19. ^ DNA
20. ^ Extreme temperatures
21. ^ Manorama Yearbook 2003, pg 678, ISBN 81-900461-8-7
22. ^ Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
23. ^ Matthew, K.M. (2006). Manorama Yearbook 2003, pg 524, Malaya Manorama. ISBN 81-89004-07-7
24. ^ The Times of India, Mumbai edition (print), 2005-04-19, pg 2
25. ^ "Census GIS Household". censusindiamaps.net. 2006.
26. ^ The Times of India, Mumbai edition (print), 2004-09-24, pg 1
27. ^ The Times of India, Mumbai edition (print), 2005-03-14, pg 5
28. ^ "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: India", US State Department, 2001.
29. ^ "HIV/AIDS in Asia and the Pacific Region 2001", World Health Organization, 2001.
30. ^ a b "AIDS in Asia, Face the Facts", Monitoring the AIDS Pandemic (MAP) Network report, 2004.
31. ^ BMC to woo sister cities
32. ^ Privatising emancipation
[edit] Further reading
* Fox, Edmund A; Short History of Bombay Presidency (1887) — Thacker & Co — No ISBN
* MacLean, James Mackenzie; A Guide to Bombay (1875 & 1902) — Various editions; No ISBN
* Chaudhari, K.K; History of Bombay (1987) — Modern Period Gazetteers Dept., Govt. of Maharashtra
* Tindall, Gillian; City of Gold (1992) — Penguin ISBN 0-14-009500-4
* Mehta, Suketu ; Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found (2004) — Knopf ISBN 0-375-40372-8
* Patel, Sujata & Thorner, Alice; Bombay, Metaphor for Modern India (1995) — Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-563688-0
* Katiyar, Arun & Bhojani, Namas; Bombay, A Contemporary Account (1996) — Harper Collins ISBN 8172232160
* Contractor, Behram; From Bombay to Mumbai (1998) — Oriana Books
* Virani, Pinki; Once was Bombay (1999) — Viking ISBN 0-670-88869-9
* Mappls — Satellite based comprehensive maps of Mumbai (1999) — CE Info Systems Ltd. ISBN 81-901108-0-2
* Agarwal, Jagdish; Bombay - Mumbai: A Picture Book (1998) — Wilco Publishing House ISBN 81-87288-35-3
* Dwivedi, Sharada & Mehrotra, Rahul; Bombay, The Cities Within (1995) — India Book House Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-85028-80-X
* BMC information on the city — A complete reference on the city prepared by the BMC
* Sharada Dwivedi,Goddess IslandIndian Express, June 6, 2005
* TIFR information — a vast collection of information on the city
* Our Greater Bombay (1990) — Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research
* The Oxford School Atlas; 28th Revised Edition (1991) — Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-563316-4
* BusinessWeek; August 12, 2005; "China and India" special coverage
* Mumbai Suburban Rail Map (including Proposed Metrol Rail Project)
[edit] External links
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* Mumbai at WikiMapia
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* Official site of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
* The Mumbai Pages: City guide from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
* Official city report
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Mumbai-related topics
History Silhara dynasty · Bombay Presidency · Seven islands of Bombay · Elephanta Caves · Kanheri Caves · Banganga Tank · Old Bombay · Worli Fort · Samyukta Maharashtra movement · 1992-93 Mumbai Riots · 1993 Mumbai Bombings · 2006 Mumbai train bombings · Tanks · Growth of Mumbai · Timeline
Geography Flora and fauna of Mumbai · Powai Lake · Vihar Lake · Tulsi Lake · Thane Creek · River Ulhas · Gilbert Hill · Malabar Hill · Salsette Island · Mumbai Harbour · Middle Ground · Weather · Beaches · South Mumbai · Navi Mumbai · CIDCO
Buildings Gateway of India · Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus · Naval Dockyard · Reserve Bank of India · Bombay Stock Exchange · Hutatma Chowk · General Post Office · Shreepati Arcade · Regal Cinema · Mount Mary's Church · Haji Ali Dargah · Flora Fountain · David Sassoon Library · Mahatma Phule Market · Mumba Devi Mandir · Mahalaxmi Temple · Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Museum · National Gallery of Modern Art · Asiatic Society of Bombay · Jehangir Art Gallery · Gowalia Tank
Transport BEST · Mumbai Suburban Railway · Central Railway · Western Railway · Harbour Line · Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport · Juhu Aerodrome · Auto rickshaw
Economy Bombay Stock Exchange · Reserve Bank of India · Mint · Dalal Street · Nariman Point · Telecom companies
Education Mumbai University · SNDT Women's University · Indian Institute of Technology · St. Xavier's College · St. Francis D'Assisi High School · Colleges
Civic Mayor · Police Commissioner · Municipal Commissioner · Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation · Mumbai Police · Wards · Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport · Demographics · Water sources · Bombay High Court
Culture Marathi · Dabbawalas · Bambaiya Hindi · Vada pav · Bhelpuri · Cultural centres · Theatres · Tourist attractions
Parks and grounds Horniman Circle Gardens · Cross Maidan · Kamala Nehru Park · Hanging Gardens · Sanjay Gandhi National Park · Jijamata Udyaan · Brabourne Stadium · Wankhede Stadium · Mahalaxmi Racecourse
Institutes for Science and Learning TIFR · BARC · Nehru Planetarium · Nehru Science Centre
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Districts Nagpur • Chandrapur • Bhandara • Gondia • Gadchiroli • Amravati • Akola • Washim • Hingoli • Nanded • Wardha • Yavatmal • Buldana • Thane • Mumbai (Suburban) • Mumbai (City) • Raigad • Ratnagiri • Sindhudurg • Nashik • Ahmednagar • Pune • Satara • Sangli • Kolhapur • Nandurbar • Dhule • Jalgaon • Aurangabad • Jalna • Parbhani • Beed • Latur • Osmanabad • Solapur • Seal of Maharashtra
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1518–1658 Ceilão (Ceylon/Sri Lanka)
1558–1573 Maldives
17th century
Portuguese India
1687–1749 São Tomé de Meliapore
18th century
Portuguese India
1779–1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli
East Asia and Oceania [show]
16th century
1511–1641 Malacca (Melaka)
1512–1621 Banda Islands
1512–1621 Moluccas (Maluku Islands)
1522–1575 Ternate
1576–1605 Ambon
1578–1650 Tidore
1512–1665 Makassar
1553–1999 Macau
1571–1639 Decima (Dejima, Nagasaki)
17th century
1642–1975 Portuguese Timor (East Timor)1
19th century
Macau
1864–1999 Coloane
1851–1999 Taipa
1890–1999 Ilha Verde
20th century
Macau
1938–1941 Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin)
1 1975 is the date of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, the independence of East Timor was recognized by Portugal and the rest of the world.
North America and the North Atlantic Ocean [show]
15th century
1432 Azores
1499–1526 Labrador
16th century
1500–1526 Nova Scotia
1500–1526 Terra Nova (Newfoundland)
Central and South America [show]
16th century
1500–1822 Brazil
1536–1620 Barbados
17th century
1680–1777 Nova Colônia do Sacramento
19th century
1808–1822 Cisplatina (Uruguay)
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
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